Condition overview
A hernia happens when part of an organ or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or tissue. Hernias are most common in the groin (inguinal), around the navel (umbilical) and at the site of a previous operation (incisional). Most hernias do not go away on their own, and many gradually get larger over time.
Symptoms
- A bulge in the groin, abdomen or near a scar
- Discomfort or aching, especially when lifting, coughing or standing for long
- A bulge that gets smaller when lying down
- A heavy or dragging feeling
Possible causes
- Natural weak areas in the abdominal wall
- Previous abdominal surgery
- Heavy lifting or straining
- Chronic cough or constipation
- Increased abdominal pressure, such as in pregnancy
When to seek medical evaluation
- A hernia that becomes painful, tender or firm
- A bulge that can no longer be pushed back
- Nausea, vomiting or inability to pass wind or stool alongside a hernia
In an emergency, go to the nearest hospital emergency department.
Diagnosis
Most hernias are diagnosed by clinical examination. The surgeon may ask you to stand, cough or strain. An ultrasound or CT scan may be advised when the diagnosis is uncertain or to plan surgery.
Treatment options
Small hernias without symptoms may sometimes be monitored. For most hernias that cause symptoms or are growing, surgical repair is advised. The choice depends on the type and size of the hernia, your general health and any previous surgery.
Surgical options
Open hernia repair
Repair through a single incision over the hernia, usually reinforced with a mesh.
Laparoscopic repair
Repair through small incisions using a camera, placing mesh from inside the abdominal wall.
Robotic repair
A minimally invasive repair using a robotic system, for selected patients and hernia types.
Laparoscopic and robotic repair may be suitable for bilateral, recurrent and some incisional hernias. The appropriate technique is decided after clinical assessment.
Preparing for surgery
You may need blood tests and a pre-anaesthetic check. Share your full list of medicines, especially blood thinners. You will be advised when to stop eating and drinking before surgery.
Recovery
Many patients go home the same day or the next day. Light walking is encouraged early. Heavy lifting is usually avoided for a few weeks. Your follow-up visit will be arranged before discharge.
Frequently asked questions
Will my hernia go away without surgery?
Hernias do not usually heal on their own. Some small hernias without symptoms can be monitored, but this should be decided with your surgeon.
Is mesh always used?
Mesh is commonly used to reinforce the repair and lower the chance of recurrence. Your surgeon will explain whether it is recommended in your case.
Is robotic hernia surgery better than laparoscopic surgery?
Both are minimally invasive. The right approach depends on the hernia and the patient, and is decided after assessment.
When can I return to work?
This depends on the type of surgery and your work. Many people return to desk work within one to two weeks; physical work may take longer.
Information on this website is intended for general educational purposes and should not replace individual medical evaluation or professional medical advice.